The success of the Conservatives on 12 December in most of these rugby league seats demonstrates that the tactic worked, and that the views of fans online was not representative of the wider electorate. We show that although most rugby league fans online and journalists held left-wing, progressive views situated in their belief that rugby league is a site of counter-hegemonic, working-class resistance to the southern English Establishment symbolised by rugby union, some rugby-league fans online were aligned with populism and right-wing beliefs about liberal elites and the European Union.
In looking at the debate about the legitimacy of the stereotype, we also widen our research to explore how fans online have talked about Brexit and Europe in the context of the General Election. and discussions in rugby league magazine Forty-20. In this research, we explore how rugby league fans and journalists responded to this during the election period, thorough a content analysis of public websites, comments below-the-line in The Guardian’s story about Workington Man. Workington Man is white, working-class, with no university education, voted Leave in 2016, and he is a fan of rugby league. In the run-up to the 2019 UK general election, Conservative think tank Onward identified Workington Man as the voter the Conservatives had to target to win seats in the Labour dominated, leave-voting north of England. Each theme attempts to 2 American Behavioral Scientist 00(0) redefine the individual's role in the social setting and present a dynamic image of football fandom as it will take shape in coming decades.
The findings of the study illustrate two main premises: the use of personal and community resources for self-determination, and the community and its place in the modern fan typology.
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To this end, an anthropological approach was adopted, which involved attending community gatherings throughout an entire gaming season and also included a series of in-depth interviews with community members. Contributing to the study of the psychology of fandom, this article discusses the characteristics of those fans' communities in Israel and seeks to present an analysis of the construction of their members' social and personal identity. This means that transnational fans are forced to redefine the image of the football fan and to place special emphasis on an active community and loyalty to the team as markers of devotion. Because of this, they are not seen as part of the club's traditional fans. Contrary to traditional definitions of fandom, the transnational fans are not close to the home stadium and therefore do not take part in the ceremonial ritual of actively supporting the club from the stands. This has created a growing trend of football fan communities known as "transnational fans"-fans of sports clubs from other countries. Nowadays, through television broadcasts, the Internet, and especially social networks, a fan continuously follows elite football clubs from around the world, which provide an alternative to local clubs. In the modern era of commercialized, mediated, and global football, there is a decline in the importance of the local aspect of sports fandom.
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